金考卷
推理判断题是历年高考英语阅读理解的命题集中点，包括推理和判断两个方面，属于深层理解题。近几年高考对推理判断题的考查题量仅次于细节理解题，可见此类题的重要程度。
高考对推理判断题的考查主要包括以下几种形式：推断隐含意义；对文章内容进行预测和想象；推断人物性格；推断文章出处或读者对象；推断写作手法或篇章结构。今天小金就和大家详细分享一下推断写作手法或篇章结构。
篇章结构题主要有两个方面的内容：一是文章结构，如总—分—总的组织方式，二是全文或某个段落行文所运用的写作方法。解答篇章结构题时，考生要能够把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。为突出主题，作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，如通过举例、类比等手法来阐明主题。这类题目常见的设问形式有：
◆How is the passage organized?
◆Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
◆The author develops the passage mainly by...
◆This text is developed...
◆The method the writer uses to develop Paragraph... is...
【例题1】
People typically wash their hands seven times a day in the United States, but they do it at a far higher temperature than it is necessary to kill germs(病菌), a new study says. The energy waste is equivalent to the fuel use of a small country. Amanda R. Carrico, a research assistant professor at the Vanderbilt Institute for Energy and Environment in Tennessee, told National Geographic that hand washing is often "a case where people act in ways that they think are in their best interests, but they in fact have inaccurate beliefs or outdated perceptions".
...
Carrico said that after a review of the scientific literature, her team found "no evidence that using hot water that a person could stand would have any benefit in killing bacteria". Even water as cold as 40°F (4.4°C) appeared to reduce bacteria as well as hotter water, if hands were scrubbed(擦洗), rinsed(冲洗)and dried properly.
Using hot water to wash hands is therefore unnecessary, as well as wasteful, Carrico said, particularly when it comes to the environment. According to her research, people use warm or hot water 64 percent of the time when they wash their hands. Using that number, Carrico?s team calculated a significant impact on the planet.
...
The researchers published their results in the July 2013 issue of International Journal of Consumer Studies. They recommended washing with water that was at a "comfortable" temperature, which they noted may be warmer in cold months and cooler in hot ones.
Q：This passage is organized in the pattern of .
A. facts and opinions
B. cause and effect
C. definition and classification
D. time and events
【词语积累】
1.考纲生僻词：
review n.检查，评审 v.回顾，复习
stand v.忍受
bacterium n.（复数形式bacteria）细菌
calculate v.预测，推测
issue n.一期，期号
note v.指出，特别 提醒
2.考纲词汇派生词：
typically adj.通常，一般
inaccurate adj.不准确的
outdated adj.过时的
classification n.分类
3.超纲词：
equivalent adj.相等的，相同的
perception n.看法，见解
【答案】A
【解析】推断写作手法题。文章开篇就提出People typically wash their hands seven times a day in the United States这样一个事实，通过田纳西州一个研究所助理研究员Amanda R. Carrico的介绍提出人们洗手的水的温度远高于杀死细菌所需的温度，从而造成能源浪费这一观点。
【例题2】
Reese Witherspoon was born on March 22, 1976 in New Orleans, Louisiana...
Reese was introduced to the entertainment industry at a very early age. At age 7, she began modeling. This led to appearances on several local television commercials...
In 1990, she landed her first major acting role in Robert Mulligan?s The Man in the Moon(1991)...
Following high school graduation in 1994, Reese decided to have a pause in her acting career and attend Stanford University where she would major in English literature...
Q:How does the passage develop?
A. Giving examples.
B. Using figures.
C. Following the order of time.
D. Making comparison.
【答案】C
【解析】推断写作手法题。文章开头从Reese的出生说起，随后讲述了她的童年、成年后的作品以及参加的活动，由此可知文章是按照时间的顺序来组织的。
【词语积累】
1.考纲生僻词：
land v.成功得到，赢得
pause n.停顿
2.短语：
major in主修；专修
【考点归纳】
常用的写作手法归纳
1.顺序排列法。一是时间顺序法(time order)。通常用于叙述和分析的过程——先发生什么，然后怎样，最后怎样。【例题2】即属于时间顺序法。二是空间顺序法(space order)。例如，从左到右、从前到后或按顺时针方向等。
2.举例法(giving examples)。一种是首先陈述自己的观点，然后举出一个或多个例子阐明观点，常使用for example, for instance, such as等短语引出例子；另一种是先举一个例子，然后转入例子所要阐明的观点。
3.比较与对比法(comparison and contrast)。有时为了说明某一事物，需要与其他事物联系起来才能阐述清楚，这就是比较或对比。
4.下定义和分类法(definition and classification)。下定义是一种用简洁明确的语言对事物的本质特征做概括说明的方法，通常把概念或要下定义的事物置于一个大的类别中，然后解释该事物与同一类别的其他事物有何不同。
5.因果法(cause and effect)。原因(cause)指的是引起结果的、发生在过去的事情，结果(effect)指的是已发生的事情产生的或将要产生的后果。比如：火势越大，消防员越多。
6.事实和观点(facts and opinions)。前者就是能被证明是真是假的一种陈述；后者表达一种个人意见、看法。【例题1】选文就是先陈述事实(美国人每天洗手七次)，然后表达作者的看法(人们洗手的水的温度远高于杀死细菌所需的温度，从而造成能源浪费)。
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